Characteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction Essay -- Americ

Characteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction The key goals of Reconstruction were to readmit the South into the Union and to define the status of freedmen in American society. The Reconstruction era was marked by political, not violent, conflict. Some historical myths are that the South was victimized by Reconstruction, and that the various plans of Reconstruction were corrupt and unjust. Actually, the plans were quite lenient, enforcing military rule for only a short period of time, ignoring land reform, and granting pardons easily. The task of Reconstruction was to re-integrate America into a whole nation, securing the rights of each man and establishing order once again. There were three major Reconstruction plans; Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress each offered a strategy to unify the nation. Lincoln’s plan, in 1864, required ten percent of the voting population of each state who had voted in the 1860 election to take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept the abolition of slavery. Then that ten percent could create a state government that would be loyal to the Union. Confederate officials, army and naval officers, and civil officers who had resigned from office were all required to apply for presidential pardons (Boyer, 443). Lincoln’s plan did not at all deal with freedmen’s civil rights, which is a definite weakness. Under his ten percent rule, no freedmen could be part of a state government. Also, it did not address land reform, an economic weakness of Lincoln’s strategy. Finally, under Lincoln’s plan, no federal military occupation was required in Southern states. This left the freedmen at the mercy of the states for protection. Congress viewed this plan as far too lenient, and in 1864 passed the Wade-Davis bill. This bi ll required the majority of voters in each Southern state to take an oath of loyalty; only then could the state hold a convention to repeal secession and abolish slavery. Although Lincoln’s plan may have been too lenient, this bill would have been far too harsh and delayed readmission to the Union for a very long time. Lincoln did not sign the bill into law, or pocket-vetoed the bill, and was soon assassinated. Therefore, he did not have a chance to implement his plan of Reconstruction, and his goal was not met. After Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency following Lincoln’s assassination in ... ...n did create black institutions in response to Reconstruction; there was a cropping up of black churches, schools, and higher education establishments (Boyer 458). Reconstruction made the nation as a whole feel ‘reunited’, but it was viewed as a failure and waste immediately after its completion (Boyer, 471). It laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement by passing the 13, 14, and 15th amendments, even though they would not be implemented to protect minority rights for nearly a hundred years. Reconstruction also established a policy of treating African-Americans as second-class citizens. The nation was taught that it was alright to treat blacks as inferior people because the government would not even guarantee them the right to vote in state elections. However, Reconstruction did pave the way for share-cropping and the factory system, which would lead to an economic boom as American expanded. Reconstruction threw America into upheaval, and by 1875 the North had tired of the various plans and politics, and longed to end Congress’s plan (Boyer, 467). Boyer, Clark, et.al.Enduring Vision,Volume II: From 1865. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston:2000.

Rhetorical Appeals Essay

A pet is defined as a domestic or tamed animal or bird kept for companionship or pleasure and treated with care and affection. Some people believe that pets are the most loyal friends you will ever have. Anyone who owns or has previously owned a type of pet, whether it be a dog, cat, fish, rabbit, or anything else, understands what it is like to have something so innocent depend on you. When purchasing a pet, you are taking on the responsibility of nurturing and caring for someone other than yourself. I chose a commercial by the ASPCA that raises awareness about animal abuse. The goal of the ASPCA is â€Å"to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States.† I chose this commercial because I am an avid animal lover and I have both a dog and a cat at home. They are a part of my family, and I would never let anything bad happen to them or mistreat them. The thought of poor animals being abused or neglected for no reason at all disturbs me beyond belief. Why would someone choose to purposely abuse an innocent creature who has no way to defend itself, and has done nothing wrong? I do not understand people who do this. Through this essay, I want to state the reasons why I was attracted to this commercial and how it swayed me to support the association. Additionally, my goal for this piece is to represent how rhetorical appeals can be used not only in writing, but also in media. Even though this commercial is most likely geared more towards animal lovers, it does an excellent job of grabbing the attention of viewers who may not have a strong connection with animals in their own lives. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eXfvRcllV8 ************** Rhetorical Analysis through Animal Cruelty Imagine that you are walking through the mall and notice the pet store on your way to the nearest Macy’s. In the window of the pet store you see two healthy, happy, golden retriever puppies waiting for someone to come take them to a permanent home. You are in awe of how adorable they are. Unfortunately, you cannot afford a puppy right at that moment, so you move forward with your errands at Macy’s. Later that day, as you are driving home, you drive through a neighborhood that is in poor shape. Out in the front yard of one of the houses, there is a fenced yard with a somewhat large dog standing in the grass. As you drive by, you notice that the dog is extremely skinny and you can see the dog’s rib cage through its skin. Also, the dog seems to be limping around the yard. Twenty minutes later, you finally arrive home and the image of the poor dog is still in the back of your mind. You think to yourself how anyone could possibly treat an innocent animal that way. In 2006, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) created a commercial starring famous singer/song writer, Sarah McLachlan, to raise awareness towards animal abuse and to raise money to help the thousands of mistreated animals in the United States. The commercial starts out with clips of abused animals and slides with facts about these animals, and then moves on to Sarah McLachlan giving a speech about the society and how it would be beneficial to donate money to the foundation. All three of the rhetorical appeals (pathos, ethos, logos, and kairos) are used in this commercial in order to sway the opinion of viewers towards being against animal cruelty and helping to save the lives of countless animals. The first two rhetorical appeals used in the ASPCA commercial are pathos and kairos. They are demonstrated in multiple ways throughout the commercial. The first emotional appeal that viewers will notice is the somewhat sad music in the background, which is Sarah McLachlan’s â€Å"Angel†. Just listening to this song will evoke sadness. This is because the lyrics of the song are mildly depressing, and an example of this would be the lyrics â€Å"You’re in the arms of the angel, may you find comfort here.† These lyrics are symbolic towards the commercial because the ASPCA would be considered the angel, and the animals who are saved by the foundation would be able to â€Å"find comfort† when they are rescued. The next element in the commercial is the slideshow of pictures and videos of abused animals that plays along with McLachlan’s song. These pictures show many different types of animals that have been physically abused and malnourished. The melancholy music, along with these images, cause viewers to feel for the animals and want to help them. Thus, using pathos to cause the viewers to lean towards helping these innocent creatures, instead of ignoring the issue. Kairos is used in the way that everything in the commercial has perfect timing. The music immediately starts playing, which effects viewer’s emotions. Every element of the commercial comes in at the perfect time and is organized in the right way to persuade viewers. Ethos is the next rhetorical approach used in persuading the viewers to help the ASPCA and to stand against animal-related violence. Famous singer/song writer, Sarah McLachlan, is featured in multiple ASPCA commercials and is a strong supporter of rescuing animals in need and helping to raise awareness about animal abuse and neglect. In the video, she is petting a yellow lab, giving the impression that she is an animal lover and wants to help them. Also, the music playing in the background is Sarah’s song referenced above, which adds sincerity to the commercial. â€Å"Angel† was not written specifically for the commercial, but because the meaning of the song is relevant to the ASPCA’s cause, it was used. Viewers who see a celebrity such as her representing this organization may be more inclined to donate to the ASPCA. Although, some might question whether or not McLachlan is an expert on the subject and if the information she gives is credible. Towards the end of the video, she says â€Å"that for just $18 a month, you can save many animals from their abusers.† Through this statement, she causes viewers to feel like they will make a difference and become heroes, if they donate their money. By emphasizing the price, McLachlan wants convey to viewers that just a small amount of money, can go a long way in helping the foundation. This is a prime example of ethos because McLachlan uses her music fame to encourage the audience to support the organization, even though she is not an expert concerning animal abuse. Logos is the final rhetorical approach that ASPCA uses in their anti-animal abuse commercials. Certain facts are listed in order to show that this organization has made a difference in order to rescue animals that are abused and/or neglected. However, these facts cause the logical appeal to be weak because they are quite broad and non-specific. For example, the commercial stated that in the last year, thousands of animals were rescued. Then, it continues to say that for thousands of other animals, help came too late. This statement proclaims that there is a large number of animals who need to be rescued and/or helped, but it does not give specific statistical evidence as to exactly how many animals are in need. The amount of animals listed that need rescued may seem exaggerated, because there is not a specific number given. Also, it could seem like a rhetorical fallacy. For those who need these facts in order to be convinced of an argument, this may cause the viewer to lose interest or not believe the information in the commercial. In conclusion, I chose this ASPCA commercial primarily because of the way it appealed to my emotions. I was immediately drawn in while watching it and could not look away. The strongest rhetorical element for this commercial is pathos because of the strong emotional relation it creates. Ethos is equally represented in the commercial as well because of the celebrity reputation of Sarah McLachlan and her starring role in trying to convince viewers to help out the ASPCA through donation. Kairos is also well embodied through the element of excellent timing, and how each part of the commercial fell into perfect rhythm. Logos is the weakest rhetorical appeal represented because the facts listed are not detailed and quite general. Accordingly, I would argue that this commercial is extremely effective in showing the general public the seriousness of animal abuse. And because of this, viewers are more inclined to contribute to the association.

Child Should Be Tried At Bath Time Essay - 1696 Words

- Babies†¦When babies are born they do certain actions without even a thought for example, swallowing milk, moving of the head and putting their fingers around objects that are put into their hands. - One month†¦After one month a baby would have changed massively from birth! For example, their reflexes may not be as strong as they were, they may stop crying after hearing a familiar voice around them or being picked up and starting to relax at bath time. - Three months†¦By three months the baby should be able to lift and turn their head, notice familiar things around them, enjoying bath time and smiling back at people. - Six months†¦At 6 months you should expect the baby to be able to sit up without being held, be able to roll over from back to front, being curious of what is around them, laughing, and lifting up their arms when wanting to be picked up. - Nine months†¦At this age the child should be either crawling or rolling, feeding themselves using their fingers, exploring things using their mouth and hands and trying to stay near to a familiar adult (usually their parent or carer ). - One year†¦By one year a child should be able to stand up using the furniture, pick up small toys, waving ‘’hello’’ and ‘’goodbye’’, pointing to things to get an adults attention, babbling in a tune and crying if they can’t see a familiar adult. - 18 months†¦After 18 months the child should be able to walk up stairs with help, be able to feed them self with a spoon, saying more words ratherShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bath Salts1567 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you think of the word drug what comes to mind? 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Mark Ryan from the LA poison control says in an interview on the Dr. Oz television show that he has never seen a drug that has caused theRead MoreBetter and Practice1604 Words   |  7 Pagesall policies and procedures at all times. * Keeping the boys safe from harm and abuse. * Follow care plans and behaviour support plans. * Keep the health and safety of the house and the surroundings. * Keeping the house clean and tidy. * Supporting the boys to independence. * Cooking and shopping. * Giving the relevant medication. * Writing the correct paperwork / daily logs. * Attending training. * Promoting Every Child Matters – being safe, health, enjoyRead MoreQuality Enhancement Program ( Qep ) Assignment842 Words   |  4 PagesSheriff, and Deputy Town Marshal was born on March 19, 1848, in Monmouth, Illinois. He was the third of Nicholas and Virginia Ann Earp s five sons. Desperate to join the Civil War in hopes of an adventure, Earp at the age of 13 tried many attempts to join, failed many times before reaching the battle field. Finally leaving his family at the age of 17 Earp left to live in California for a frontiersmen life. In California Earp worked for the Union Railroad, and in his leisure learned how to box andRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1101 Words   |  5 Pages and they’re not cleansing the world. â€Å"The figure of the serial killer is violent impurity personified, and it is a construction that necessitates figures of violent purity to confront it.† While it can be argued whether having mental disorders should p revent a serial killer from being capitally punished, it is proven that many serial killers suffer from â€Å"paranoid schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, or psychopathology.† It’s even said that â€Å"this crime is actually a form of disease. 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Romeo and Juliet Character Analysis - 1438 Words

Romeo and Juliet character analysis Juliet is the daughter of Lord and Lady Capulet. When the play begins, we learn from the nurse that Juliet is soon turning fourteen (â€Å"Even or odd, of all the days in the year come Lammas-Eve at night shall she be fourteen†). In Juliets first meeting with her mother and the nurse, she seems to be an obedient and responsible child. She comes immediately when they call her and answers always respectfully to her mother: Madam, I am here, / What is your will? (â€Å"Act 1, Scene 3). She is also clever as when her mother asks her what she thinks about marriage, she gives an ambiguous answer by saying what her mother wanted to hear really: â€Å"it is an honour I dream not of† (â€Å"Act 1, Scene 3). We learn that she is†¦show more content†¦Benvolio advises to look at other beauties and forget about Roseline. Mercutio is a relative of the prince and friend to Romeo. He is an eloquent man and becomes the center of attention whenever he appears in the play. It seems like he dominates Romeo with his teasing and irony. He mocks Romeo as he thinks he is too sentimental and tells him how foolish he is; he turns all of Romeo’s thought about love into sexual metaphors. â€Å"And to sink in it should you burden love – Too great oppression for a tender thing.† (Act 1, Scene 4) It might be that he is jealous of Romeo that prefers thinking about love rather than spend some time with him; Mercutio wants his friend back. Mercutio tries to get Romeos mind on something else. He also describes imagination in a powerful, memorable way in his Queen Mab speech (Act 1, scene 4). The speech shows Mercutios eloquence and it describes dreams as coming from a fairy creature. He is clever man. Paris is a noble man who asks Lord Capulet his daughter’s hand. He represents a sort of competition for Romeo. He seems quite reasonable, young and quite wise. He is described by lady Montague as a very handsome man (â€Å"examine every married lineament , / and see how one other lends content†. The nurse also admits his beauty â€Å"Nay, he’s a flower – in faith, a very flower! † Act 1 Scene 3) Lord Capulet is the head of the Capulet household and Juliet’s father. He seems to be an honorable and tolerant man; he does not mind Romeo’sShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis747 Words   |  3 PagesWhile secondary characters are undersized compared to the main characters of the play, they often have an eminent impact on the story. In William Shakespeare’s famous tragedy Romeo and Juliet, certain secondary characters influence the decisions made by the two lovers and avail to establish the play’s tragic outcome. This will be conveyed through a detailed analysis of Tybalt, Capulet and Friar Lawrence. Although admirable qualities add to ones life, they can often lead to their death. 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This results in the tragic deaths of the two main protagonists, Romeo and Juliet, as their love is forbidden by the terms of their families hatred. The play ends in the unison of the families as they mourn together the loss of their children and end their conflict. As such a masterfu l piece of literature, Romeo and JulietRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Character Analysis843 Words   |  3 PagesEnglish Controlled Assessment: Romeo and Juliet Today, the name Romeo has come to mean the word love because of his important role in the most famous love story. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy mainly because of Romeos character, which is what I will be writing about in this essay. We see Romeo as a sombre, impetuous and immature character in the early part of the play, but many aspects of his character seen in the early part of the play are not consistent as he does change a lot throughout

The Is A Victim Of Discrimination And Oppression - 909 Words

Mereana is identified as a victim of discrimination and oppression as a result of her family being deeply religious and she is a committed Christian. As being from a Christian family her culture is strictly against homosexuality. Mereana is concerned because her family do not have the wish to talk about her woman partner even though she loves her more than anything else in the world. Reasoning this is she has not formally come out to the family. From my perspective the idea of being marginalised has already been set by the family. Mereana is basically trying to articulate she only wants acceptance, and she wants her family to appreciate her and her woman partner with open loving arms, and especially to approve of who they are as a person regardless of their sexual orientation. It seen like Mereana wants homosexuality to be seen as just another alternative lifestyle. But her culture, the Bible does not support homosexuality, nor does it support homosexual marriage. Homosexual marriage is perceived as condemned. Marriage is conceived as a legal union only between a man and a woman. This legislation portrays as a declaration about how the heterosexual family is appraised and how all other family forms are not. Mereana’s uncle was estranged from the whanau because of this sexual orientation. This caused the whanau to dissociation with the uncle. It said to be, he had sinned and having any association with the uncle will be against their family’s values and beliefs. An articleShow MoreRelatedGender Is A Complex And Controversial Phenomenon1415 Words   |  6 PagesStates, transgender people face discrimination, violence, high rates of poverty rates, high rates of depression etc. By definition, they are an oppressed group. This paper serves to explain how transgender people are and continue to be oppressed due to social group â€Å"privilege† and unequal power relations. As well as using theories within the conflict and systems perspectives to further detail their oppression. Furthermore, this paper provides ways that such oppression can be challenged, and how thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1384 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. once said, â€Å"No one else is free while others are being oppressed.† Throughout history, women have been stripped of basic civil rights, being constantly oppressed, and they are continued to be so in today’s society. Oppression occurs around the world, ranging from third world countries to developed nations such as the United States of America. Women’s inequality is an immense issue, and the world needs to change their perspective and treatment of women. Women are extremely oppressedRead MoreAfrican American Of African Americans1491 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have witnessed much discrimination throughout the years. The issue of reparations for all African Americans is argued by one scholar and a credible newspaper. The debate about reparations started with the agreement side from the opinion of Robert Allen. He stated historical aspects that showed the crusade that many African American leaders started to get a compromise with the government. Allen continues to research the problems of African American involving with financial worthRead MoreI Never Had It Made Written By Legendary African American Major League Baseball Player1457 Words   |  6 Pagesgetting away with murder’† (Wyche). Kaepernick explains that he refused to stand for the national anthem because of the treatment of minorities in recent events in the US (Wyche). This is his main reason for the protests, but in different cases, oppression an d the alleged brutality of police towards minorities are other causes to the actions that have been taken. 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When It1584 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Oppression Through the Lense of Racism When it comes to gender oppression, it is important to view it through other systems of oppression because it allows us to understand the many different ways in which individuals or groups experience it and how these other oppressions contribute to gender oppression as well. There are people who suffer because of many systems of oppression, such as racism, poverty, or cissexism. These systems start to intersect, become dependent on each other,Read MoreRacism Paper1548 Words   |  7 PagesAaron Riehle March 30, 2011 Racism Paper Prof. Thompson Racism is the systematic oppression and exploitation of human beings on the basis of their belonging to a particular racial group or people. â€Å"Systematic† indicates that we must look at the status of the group as a whole, and not at those few individuals who may have climbed a â€Å"ladder of success† in the white society. 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Nigerian Civil War Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNigerian Civil War. Answer: Scripts Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in Wes Africa and has the official currency of Naira, with capital of Abuja. Nigeria is a developing country and has Christianity and Islam as two major religions. It has worlds oldest human existence with Nok Civilization. location in the world It is located in Africa with 910, 768 kilometers of land being the 32nd largest nation of the world. Its location is responsible for influencing the climate and making it a tropical hot climate. Nigeria is reported to have the most rapidly growing economy in the world. Leader Muhammadu Buhari, 72 got elected as President of Nigeria in 2015 who is known for once practicing strict military regime in Nigeria. He is well-renowned amongst the people for his honesty, integrity and campaigning for development of Nigeria. Population Nigeria hold a population of 186 million as recorded in 2016 with over five hundred ethnic backgrounds. Over the years Nigeria has witnessed a steep rise in population growth making it 7th populated country. Nigeria has the literacy rate of 59.6% as recorded in 2017. Religion The major religions are Islam and Christianity, Islam has its influence on almost every state in Nigeria. It is however, most prominent in north of Nigeria. Militant Islamic group Boko Haram recently, has been causing religious. As recent data revealed, the Christian population rate is lower than Muslim population. Natural Resources Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources well-dispersed across a number of states like Abuja, Adamawa and Anambra. Resources like oil, gas, iron ore, gold and columbite are tremendously available. Nigerian Civil War Biafran war stretched from 1967 to 1970 and one of the main reasons for the depletion of natural resources of Nigeria. It took a toll on human loves and cripple economy (Leavitt Fox, 2014). Natural Disasters Flooding and draught are common to Nigerians. Flooding has been reported to cause damage to thousands of acres of farmland and disrupting the livelihood of farmers. Tsunami and other hazards also severed the daily lives of Nigerians, affecting food supplies. Water Problem Water problem has caused sanitation problems and disrupting heathy functioning of the people. It has resulted in diarrhea, cholera and death within the wider population. WaterAid has been implemented to cope up with the crisis. Lack of Education Majority of the population is illiterate. The decline in the overall quality of Nigeria is apparent on witnessing poor classroom and a politicized education system (Asiyai, 2015). The classrooms are furthermore, lacking in basic amenities. This has proliferated child labor and prostitution. References: Asiyai, R. I. (2015). Improving Quality Higher Education in Nigeria: The Roles of Stakeholders.International Journal of Higher Education,4(1), 61-70. Leavitt, L. A., Fox, N. A. (Eds.). (2014).The psychological effects of war and violence on children. Psychology Press.

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Imperialist ideology can be viewed as a distorted version of Western-European culture, because it emphasizes such values as liberty or dignity, but at the same time denies many people the right to humanity. This idea can be better discussed by analyzing Jean-Paul Sartre’s preface to the book The Wretched of the Earth written by Frantz Fanon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jean-Paul Sartre and Jules Ferry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, Sartre’s views can be compared to the arguments expressed by Jules Ferry who was an advocate of colonial policy. His speech before the French National Assembly in 1883 can be regarded as a defense of colonialism. The comparison of these two texts can highlight the contradictory nature of imperialism and explain how this political and cultural ideology influenced the countries that were under colonial rule. One of the critical arguments put forward by Sartr e is that many nations colonized by Europeans could see that the colonizers failed to live up to the ideals of humanism that they often proclaimed. The thing is that European culture lays stress on such values as liberty, equality, freedom, and dignity; however, those people, who speak about these ideas, can easily act in a cruel, biased, and selfish way. Sartre says, â€Å"The yellow and black voices still spoke of our humanism but only to reproach us with our inhumanity† (1961, p. 1). To a great extent, this sentence renders the sense of disappointment that many African people had, especially after the atrocities committed both in Europe and Africa. They could not understand how the alleged values of colonizers could be reconciled with their actions. Jules Ferry also refers to the ideals of humanism; in particular, he says Europeans have â€Å"the duty to civilize inferior races† (Ferry as cited in Andrea Overfield, 2011, p. 269). It is quite possible to see the con flicting nature of this argument because Ferry refers to a particular moral duty that Europeans have toward African nations. Yet, he is unable to view them as equals. In his opinion, they do not have a right to autonomy and independence. Thus, he rejects the very ideals on which French culture was is based. In his view, egalitarian principles and racial ideology are quite compatible with one another and this is the critical flaw of his argument. It should be noted that Jules Ferry ideas were criticized when he was addressing the National Assembly. For instance, Ferry referred the words of Camille Pelletan who said that civilization could not be imposed â€Å"with cannon-ballsâ€Å" (Ferry as cited in Andrea Overfield, 2011, p. 269). Yet, he simply chose to overlook this criticism. Overall, his speech can give readers in-depth insights into the nature of colonialism, its ideology, and contradictions. It should be noted that Sartre’s writing was influenced by independence mo vement in Algeria. Moreover, he shows that many Europeans were very surprised when African nations began to struggle for autonomy. Sartre manages to render this amazement in this sentence, â€Å"They are able to talk by themselves? Just look at what we have made of them!† (1961, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people in France could not believe that Africans could actually voice their discontent. For example, Jules Ferry could hardly imagine such a situation because in his opinion, only great countries or nations had the right and ability for self-determination. This racist ideology has not disappeared even nowadays. On the whole, in his preface to The Wretched of the Earth, Jean-Paul Sartre argues that Europeans should recognize the right of Black Africans to political and cultural independence because it is impossible to impose one’s ideas and v alues on others. Such a strategy is more likely to conflict or long-term hostility that can be both cultural and political. The problems discussed by Jean-Paul Sartre were urgent in 1961, and they remain relevant to modern day political life in which the rhetoric of imperialism still remains very popular. Another idea which is also important for this discussion is that conflict was embedded in a new Algerian society; in part, it can be explained by the policies of colonial states. The thing is that they attempted to create new elite in the colonized territories. These were people who were educated in Europe, and who accepted the values of European culture. They were supposed to become the pillars of a new Algerian society. It was believed that they could help colonizers rule the country. In his passage, Sartre refers to various historical examples of such new elite, for example he mentions Hellenized Asians or â€Å"the Greco-Latin Negroes† (Sartre, 1961, p. 1). However, the thing is that other people, who did not receive similar education, were treated as sub-humans. Thus, one can assume that a society divided in such a way could hardly exist peacefully. In fact, hostility was supposed to be a part of this society. To a great extent, this situation can be explained by the so-called divide and conquer policies of European states to foster divisions in African societies because a divided community can hardly struggle against its conquerors. This is why they promoted one class of the society at the expense of others. As a result, the Algerian society will have to cope with this legacy of colonialism, because colonialism was largely a divisive experience for this nation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jean-Paul Sartre and Jules Ferry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is worth mentioning that such division of local societies was fully acceptable for the supporters of colonial policie s. The conquered areas were needed mostly as â€Å"provision stations, shelters, or ports for defense† (Ferry as cited in Andrea Overfield, 2011, p. 269). This is the most honest justification of colonial policies, provided by Jules Ferry. In this sentence, he does not refer to the so-called civilization mission of European people; instead, he simply identified the economic objectives that had to be achieved. These territories had to be controlled in some way. At that time, divide and conquer strategy was viewed as the most optimal approach. At that time, very few people thought about the ethical aspects of this decision and its long-term effects. Thus, it is possible to say that colonialism and imperialism contradict the very ideals of European culture because these ideologies are premised on the notion that there are superior and inferior nations. The advocates of this ideology claim to bring humanistic values to colonized societies, but fail to reach the moral standards t hat they set themselves. The legacies of these polices will continue to affect African countries because they relied on the division of the society into several groups that could be hostile to one another. The preface written by Jean-Paul Sartre and the speech of Jules Ferry highlight the main principles of colonialism and its implications for colonized people. Reference List Ferry, J. (2011). Speech before the French National Assembly. In A. Andrea J. Overfield (ed.). The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500. (pp. 268-269). New York: Wadsworth Publishing. Sartre, J-P. (1951). Preface. In F. Fanon (Ed.), The Wretched of the Earth (pp. 1-13). London: Penguin Books.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Jean-Paul Sartre and Jules Ferry was written and submitted by user Raymond T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Jean One of the most influential ideas offered by liberalists in their time is connected to money and its role in human life. The representatives of liberalism truly believe that money can make people free. Taking into account this assertion, it is possible to admit that money can also make people happier because freedom and happiness are the concepts which are usually connected to each other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx: The Role of Money in Human Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there are a number of philosophers and great thinkers who cannot agree to this idea and believed that money should never be regarded as a means of freedom and happiness but vice versa as a source of inequality, poverty, and disappointments. Such brilliant modern philosophers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx introduce captivating approaches which help to realize a true essence of m oney and to get a clear idea about what can make people free and happy. On the one hand, it is difficult to imagine that ideas of Rousseau and Marx may have a lot in common; however, on the other hand, their attitudes to money value deserve attention. Marx and Rousseau were eager to improve the society they lived in and make people free; to achieve these purposes, it is necessary to prove that money does not have such power to provide all people with necessary freedom and happiness because their main purpose is to create inequality and to divide people into groups in accordance with demands and possibilities. Almost the whole century divides such brilliant and educative philosophers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx. However, time is not the only factor according to which these men and their ideas have to be compared. They are the representatives of different countries, traditions, and beliefs, and still their works and ideas are characterized by a peculiar similarity that is connected to the value of money and its power over people. Rousseau and Marx defined the power of money that was inherent to any type of society; however, this identification was not the symbol of money as something emancipative. They spoke about the power of private property and the necessity to make some changes because rights people maintained had nothing in common with equality; Rousseau underlined the idea of people freedoms but under such condition which could promote orderly society, however, he could not decrease the necessity level of rights of property. The ideas of these two philosophers demonstrate that private property made people isolated and self-interested but still dependent on each other and unequal.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having such attitudes to money, human freedoms, and rights, Rousseau and Marx could easily create a kind of powerful opposition to the representatives of liberalism who strongly believed that money was one of the most crucial sources of human freedoms and happiness. However, the idea of relations between money and freedom has faced a number of philosophical difficulties. Liberalists made numerous attempts to prove that freedom and money had a close connection to each other because a person without money cannot become free. According to the liberalistic point of view, freedom has to be economically defined. A person has money, and this is why he/she is able to buy freedom and to be happy. Such weak and sometimes even humiliating ideas made the vast majority of philosopher develop their own strategies and theories in order to prove that such money dependence should influence human freedoms. Rousseau admitted that he â€Å"should wished to live and dies free† (Rousseau 2) and he did not underline the necessity of money for this freedom; and Marx believed that â€Å"man (a worker) only feels himself fre ely active in his animal functions† (Marx, Estranged Labor 74). Can money make people free and happy? Hardly! If you have money, it is impossible to say that sometimes you may have enough money to be satisfied and enjoy this life. When a person gets an access to money, this person is enslaved by it. This is why it is possible to say that people are not free especially when they have money. And what is more important if people are enslaved by other people, they can easily recognize this dependence and its power. And when people are enslaved by money, they are not able to define this dependence and continue living under this invisible but still crucial dependence. The desire to get more money leads to inequality between people. And if so many people are eager to destroy all features of inequality, why do they continue supporting the idea of having money and making money powerful? In other words, it is possible to say that money can make people happier for a while but never free; and when the moment of happiness passes, the long-lasting period begins that makes people work for money, think about money, and live for money. Karl Marx said that â€Å"free development of each is the condition for the free development of all† (Marx, The Communist Manifesto 12). This person truly believed that it is possible to achieve freedom and happiness only by means of properly arranged order. According to him, money is condition for development but still not its result. If a person has money, he is eager to be identified among the rest. If this identification takes place, the process of inequality begins.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx: The Role of Money in Human Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And if inequality continues its development, there is no chance for people to have freedom. Almost the same attitude to freedom and money was represented by Rouss eau. He underlines a chance of any person to be born free. Of course, much should depend on the conditions under which people live; however, they should not forget their true human nature that explains the only â€Å"free men† may be involved â€Å"in search of the truth† (Rousseau 15). In comparison to Marx, Rousseau seems to be more pessimistic to the idea of money. If Marx believed that the value of money was crucial for inequality that develops within a society under specific conditions, then Rousseau identified money as the reason to start fights, develop discontents, and increase the desire to have more and break the already established norms. Though money plays such a significant role in this life, it cannot make people free from all things and conditions inherent to this world. People are not as strong as it may seem because they may become blind in respect to the requirements and peculiarities of their life. Money may promote survival, prosperity, and success but such concepts as freedom or happiness should have nothing in common with money. So, if the answer to the question whether money makes people free and happy is a certain NO, another question should appear. What can make people free and happy if money cannot? In fact, it is very difficult to give one clear answer to such philosophical question. Rousseau as one of the most sophisticated and polite philosopher suggests paying more attention to human lives and the ways people prefer to choose. For example, he underlined â€Å"either desire or an opportunity of emerging from it† (Rousseau 31) as the most powerful components of human happiness. If a person believes that his /her desires as well as his/her faculties are equal, he/she may become happy. As for freedom, Rousseau believed that there were different types of freedom that could be achieved by means of human participation in processes required from community. And Marx in his turn evaluated freedom as freedom from interfe rence in people’s education, communication, evaluation, and realization (Marx, The Communist Manifesto 40). And human happiness is closely connected to human needs, labor, and ownership. In general, the idea of human happiness and freedom may be regarded from many different sides. First, each person has his/her own demands, needs, and interests. Of course, much depends on the community a person lives in.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is why it is possible to believe that human freedoms come from human faith and desire: if you want to become free, you are welcome to use your skills, knowledge, and faculties to achieve the desirable aim. As for human happiness, it is more personal issue: friends, food, health, knowledge, etc. When a person knows what makes him/her happy, achieves purposes, and enjoy the feeling of satisfaction, this person may be called happy. The works by Rousseau and Marx help to define that much about happiness and freedom depends on human surroundings. It is useless to represent some definite claims and prove their correctness. Constant development of this society requires considerable changes and new requirements for freedom and happiness. It is difficult for one person to define what makes other people happy, and this is why it is better to be responsible and confident in personal happiness and personal freedoms. Works Cited Marx, Karl. â€Å"Estranged Labor.† In Karl Marx and Fr iedrich Engels The Marx-Engels Reader. 2 ed. New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc., 1978. Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Penguin Classics, 2002. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on Inequality. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. This essay on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx: The Role of Money in Human Life was written and submitted by user Jesse Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.